One of the most noteworthy incidents in the history of Japan's transition from a feudal regime to a modern state was the Satsuma Rebellion in 1877. On January 30, 1877, the central government launched a raid on the arms and ammunition storage areas in Kagoshima, without any prior warning to the Satsuma authorities. Rejecting large numbers of volunteers, he made no attempt to contact any of the other domains for support, and no troops were left at Kagoshima to secure his base against an attack. Soon, more than 1,000 Satsuma samurai appeared and drove off the intruding sailors. The Imperial Japanese Armed Forces (IJAF) were the combined military forces of the Japanese Empire.Formed during the Meiji Restoration in 1868, they were disbanded in 1947, shortly after Japan's defeat to the Allies of World War II; the renewed Constitution of Japan, drafted during the Meiji Restoration in 1868, they were disbanded in 1947, shortly Though in Satsuma the rivalry of individual leaders had stopped short of open hostilities, the division of feeling was not less marked. Small-scale rebellions broke out around Japan, and the shogun's troops proved shockingly unable to put down the uprisings. 0 references. However, he soon learned that 50 Tokyo police officers who were Satsuma natives had returned home with instructions to assassinate him in the case of an uprising. Roused from his seclusion, Saigo felt that this treachery and wickedness in the imperial government required a response. Datasets available include LCSH, BIBFRAME, LC Name Authorities, LC Classification, MARC codes, PREMIS vocabularies, ISO language codes, and more. 28, No. [8] It was even recorded that his image appeared in a comet near the close of the 19th century, an ill omen to his enemies. The Satsuma Rebellion: An Episode of Modern Japanese History (1879) Author: Augustus Henry Mounsey. The schools resembled paramilitary political organizations more than anything else, and they enjoyed the support of the governor of Satsuma, who appointed disaffected samurai to political offices, where they came to dominate the Kagoshima government. Format: Paperback. Format: Hardcover. Although all of the rebels were killed, the imperial troops managed to locate Saigo's buried head. The men were captured, and under torture, confessed that they were spies who had been sent to assassinate Saig. Two describe a bullet wound to the hip or thigh. Undeniably, it was one of the most noteworthy incidents during Japan's transition from a feudal regime to a modern state. 724 Words; 3 Pages; Themes In Keeper N Me. Why educator David Tarvin "thinks in Prezi" Feb. 13, 2023. In the autumn of 1875 it was already in a flourishing condition, and in the course of the following year there were in Kagoshima alone some seven thousand pupils, or associates. He was the third son of Nakamura Kiyosada (). Ravina prefers the English name "War of the Southwest."[12]. SAIGO, who was then living in seclusion, had no choice but to rise to action after the private-school faction beseeched him to do so. What will you do when your traditional way of life is threatened by a powerful force in your native lands? After his retirement, however, Saigo simply wanted to play with his kids, hunt, and go fishing. This influential clan was headed by the Shimazu family, which had been founded by Shimazu Tadahisa, son of Minamoto Yoritomo, in the Kamakura period. Blog. The very rapid and massive changes to Japanese culture, language, dress and society appeared to many samurai to be a betrayal of the ji ("expel the barbarian") portion of the sonn ji justification used to overthrow the former Tokugawa shogunate. The formal ceremony took place on April 4, 1868, and the former shogun was even allowed to keep his head! All three accounts report that the body was decapitated. . . The Satsuma advance guard, 4,000 strong, set out on February 15, marching north. When the attack finally came, the Satsuma forces withdrew, leaving small pockets of samurai to hit the larger army in guerrilla-style strikes. This includes data values and the controlled vocabularies that house them. Led by Daniel Shays, the rebel "Shaysites" of . The Satsuma samurai fought on with fierce determination; meanwhile, the defenders ran out of artillery shells. In the 7th century, Japan took a . by HistoryNet Staff 6/12/2006 On the same day, Saig met with his lieutenants Kirino Toshiaki and Shinohara Kunimoto and announced his intention of marching to Tokyo to ask questions of the government. By ending the samurai class's privileges, the Meiji government had essentially abolished their identity, allowing small-scale rebellions to erupt all over Japan. With these deaths, the Satsuma rebellion came to an end. The Meiji Restoration of 1868 signaled the beginning of the end for Japan's samurai warriors. He did not want to rebel, still feeling deep personal loyalty to the Meiji Emperor, but announced on February 7 that he would go to Tokyo to "question" the central government. Rather than facing arrest, Gessho and Saigo jumped from a skiff into Kagoshima Bay and were pulled from the water by the boat's crewregrettably, Gessho could not be revived. These cookies track visitors across websites . The rebels fought two significant battles against the central government: the Siege of Kumamoto Castle and the Battle of Tabaruzaka. Saigo spent a lot of time soaking in hot springs and strenuously avoiding politics. How the Samurai Ended During the Satsuma Rebellion, Overview of the Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan, A Long History of Japanese Women Warriors, The Four-Tiered Class System of Feudal Japan, J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. The Shigakko students set out with him, bringing rifles, pistols, swords, and artillery. Feb. 15, 2023. The Satsuma Rebellion. After that I provided some background information on the samurai and the armor that they wore. They resorted to digging up unexploded Satsuma ordinance and refiring it. HOME > Initial Steps toward a Constitutional State > b. There were many causes of the Indian Rebellion. Support for Saig was so strong that Satsuma had effectively seceded from the central government by the end of 1876. During the battle of Shiroyama, Saig was badly injured in the hip. However, a government garrison at Kumamoto Castle stood in the Satsuma rebels' path, manned by about 3,800 soldiers and 600 police under Major General Tani Tateki. Takamori's parents also had to borrow money to buy farmland in order to have enough food for the growing family. By 1861, Saigo was well-integrated into the local community. Monumenta Nipponica In October, the prime minister announced that Saigo would not be allowed to travel to Korea as an emissary. (2021, September 2). During the Boshin War, Saig led the imperial forces at the Battle of TobaFushimi, and after led the imperial army toward Edo, where he accepted the surrender of Edo Castle from Katsu Kaish. It is said that he was shot in the femur, then he thrust a sword into his stomach region, then had his head decapitated deliberately by a fellow citizen. Soon 132 branches were established all over the prefecture. After a failed assault, Saig settled for a siege. . In the wee hours of the morning on September 24, the emperor's troops launched a three-hour-long artillery barrage, followed by a massed infantry assault that began at 6 am. Updates? The Satsuma Rebellion : Illustrated Japanese History - the Last Stand of the Samurai by Wilson, Sean and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at AbeBooks.com. [6] The costs of pacifying the former samurai led to the Meiji government becoming virtually bankrupt; the government was forced to sell off state-owned enterprises such as factories and mines to politically-connected merchants and former officials at low prices, leading to the instant formation of large industrial firms or zaibatsu. However, despite their successes, the Satsuma army failed to take the castle, and began to realize that the conscript army was not as ineffective as first assumed. History of the Western Insurrection in Western Pennsylvania, Commonly Called the Whiskey Insurrection. Szczepanski, Kallie. The Japanese people appreciated the fact that he remained loyal to his virtues until his death in 1877. Publication Date: 2006. Szczepanski, Kallie. @media only screen and (min-device-width : 320px) and (max-device-width : 480px) { The Battle of Shiroyama ( Shiroyama no tatakai) took place on 24 September 1877, in Kagoshima, Japan. Later this would turn out to be a pivotal decision since Choshu was Satsuma's major ally in the Boshin War. Scene of Satsuma rebellion, triptych. His childhood name was Kokichi and he received the given name Takamori in adulthood. On March 4, Imperial Army General Yamagata ordered a frontal assault against Tabaruzaka, guarding the approaches to Kumamoto, which developed into an eight-day-long battle. Attempts at Constitutional Government > Satsuma Rebellion. On the third day of battle, the artillery division from Tsu domain defected to Saigo's side and began to shell the shogun's army instead. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). "Southwestern War") was a revolt of disaffected samurai against the new imperial government, nine years into the Meiji Era. A battalion had 640 men in peacetime and theoretically 960 men in wartime. They were followed two days later by the rear guard and artillery unit, who left in the midst of a freak snowstorm. Each side had suffered more than 4,000 killed or wounded. His letter indicated that he was not committed to rebellion and sought a peaceful settlement. Artillery consisted of over 100 pieces, including 5.28 pound mountain guns, Krupp field guns of various calibers, and mortars. Friction among the Cabinet members over the question of Korean conquest, added to the local disturbances, made the already confused state of things worse confounded, and the result was the famous Satsuma Rebellion of 1877. By May, Saigo's army had surrounded Edo and threatened to attack, forcing the shogun's government to surrender. Saigo Takamori helped to usher in the modern era in Japan, serving as one of the three most powerful officials in the early Meiji government. Ravina, Mark J. The Satsuma Rebellion: An Episode of Modern Japanese History; with Maps - Primary Source Edition. https://www.thoughtco.com/the-satsuma-rebellion-195570 (accessed March 1, 2023). These attacks on the ramparts continued for two days, until Saigo decided to settle in for a siege. He was succeeded by his 15-year-old son, Mutsuhito, who would later become known as the Meiji Emperor. Improved Essays. Originally, they were a militant sect of Hindu Worshippers. As the siege wore on, the rebels ran low on munitions, prompting them to switch back to their swords. country. Request Permissions. https://www.thoughtco.com/figures-and-events-in-asian-history-s2-3896549 (accessed March 1, 2023). In the end, he was killed by the imperial army he organized. The imperial governments conscript levies were hard-pressed to defeat Saig, but in the end superior transport, modern communications, and better weapons assured victory for the government. "Southwestern War") was a revolt of disaffected samurai against the new imperial government, nine years into the Meiji Era. A Modern History of Japan from Tokugawa Times to the Present, Second Edition (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 84. ThoughtCo. They retreated once more to Mount Shiroyama, which stands above the city of Kagoshima, where the rebellion began seven months earlier. Vol. Saigo's own daimyo, Hisamitsu, was the only one who publicly railed against the decision, leaving Saigo tormented by the idea that he had betrayed his domain lord. Instance of. Even before the Restoration the contentions of rival parties had led in Choshiu to grave disorders, which had weakened that clan in its conflict with the Tokugawa Government; while in Mito the struggle of opposing factions, supporting, respectively, the Shogunate, and the Court party represented by the old Prince of Mito, had resulted in prolonged and fierce fighting. The eight-month-long Satsuma Rebellion was the last great rebellion of feudal Japan, quite literally the last stand of the disaffected samurai warriors against the new imperial government, put in place by the Meiji Restoration. Each battalion was divided into ten companies of 200 men. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. In this rebellion, Saigo Takamori, one of the veteran statesmen of the Restoration, who enjoyed a wide popularity and was well versed in military tactics, acted as the head of the insurrection. The samurai didn't hesitate to answer this questio. All, perhaps, over-estimated their share in the accomplishment of the Restoration. Ravina, Mark. He led his samurai straight up the middle of Kyushu, planning to cross the straits and march on Tokyo. However, the Imperial Army was likewise depleted, and fighting was suspended for several weeks to permit reinforcement. After the Restoration the condition of things became less unsettled in Mito, and to some extent also in Choshiu. However, the shogun began to purge pro-imperial politicians, forcing Gessho to seek Saigo's help in escaping to Kagoshima, where the new Satsuma daimyo, unfortunately, refused to protect the pair from shogun officials. "How the Samurai Ended During the Satsuma Rebellion." Living during the late Edo and early Meiji periods, he later led the Satsuma Rebellion against the Meiji government. shizoku rebellion. At the start of the Satsuma Rebellion, the Imperial Japanese Army (including the Imperial Guard) numbered approximately 34,000 men. This provoked open conflict, although with the elimination of samurai rice stipends in 1877, tensions were already extremely high. The Satsuma Rebellion proved that a conscript army of commoners could out-fight even a very determined band of samuraiprovided they had overwhelming numbers, at any rate. In its central quarters in that town, and in branches elsewhere, the youth of the clan received a military training. The surviving rebels made a stand on the slopes of Mount Enodake, and were soon surrounded. The Satsuma Rebellion (February 1877 - September 1877) and Its Woodblock Prints In riding through the streets one notices the crowds in front of the picture shops, which are bright in color from the war prints. Armed uprisings erupted successively in the Chugoku Region (western Honshu) and Kyushu, with the protagonists arguing for going through with the conquest of Korea and restoring samurai privileges. But this war served as a touchstone to test the ability of the new regime and was an indispensable medium for perfecting the modern institutions and unified organization of the state. At age six, Saigo Takamori started at the local gojuor samuraielementary schooland got his first wakizashi, the short sword used by samurai warriors. The samurai then attacked imperial facilities around the province, seizing weapons and parading them through the streets of Kagoshima. Reviews aren't verified, but Google checks for and removes fake content when it's identified. How the Samurai Ended During the Satsuma Rebellion. Shiba was in the Imperial Army at the time. The year 2018 has seen many events in Japan marking 150 years since the Meiji Restoration. The Satsuma Rebellion, also known as the Seinan War was a revolt of disaffected samurai against the new imperial government, nine years into the Meiji Era.. ISBN-13: 9781142113520. Satsuma Rebellion The imperial government in Tokyo expected Saigo to come to the capital by sea or to dig in and defend Satsuma. Then I introduced the leader of the rebellion. In order to concentrate power, Tokyo needed a national military, rather than relying on the domain lords to supply troops. In real life, Saig initially led the Imperial forces and won the four-day Battle of Toba-Fushimi in January 1868. The rebellion lasted from January 29, 1877, until September . On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Soon, Saigo was Daimyo Shimazu Nariakira's closest adviser, consulting other national figures on affairs including the shogunal succession. Not long after the wedding, both of Saigo's parents died, leaving Saigo as the head of a family of twelve with little income to support them. In August 1786, tensions culminated in what is now known as Shays' Rebellion, an uprising in Massachusetts that lasted until the summer of 1787. [4], Word of Saig's academies was greeted with considerable concern in Tokyo. During the conflict, the government side expended on average 322,000 rounds of ammunition and 1,000 artillery shells per day. Although kubo Toshimichi and others were more active and influential in establishing the new Meiji government, Saig retained a key role, and his cooperation was essential in the abolition of the han system and the establishment of a conscript army. By 6 a.m., only 40 rebels were still alive. Advertisement Advertisement. While the year 1868 was crucial to the fall of the shogunate and the establishment of a new government . Satsuma rebeliion.svg 703 965; 1.09 MB. Saig also started an artillery school. academic excellence, an international orientation, and a liberal spirit. A famous bronze statue of Saig in hunting attire with his dog stands in Ueno Park, Tokyo. The first thing about which historians often comment is the period's stability. Initially he was furious about the junior samurais' actions. The Daimyo of Satsuma was one of the most powerful and aggressive of the . With Portrait, Maps, and. The Satsuma Rebellion. revolt of disaffected samurai against the new imperial government, nine years into the Meiji Era. Saigo Takamori was born on January 23, 1828, in Kagoshima, Satsuma's capital, the oldest of seven children. He went to the Emperor's court in Kyoto in March and was amazed to meet samurai from other domains who treated him with reverence for his defense of Gessho. Although the Satsuma Rebellion far exceeded the next largest disturbance, the 1874 Saga Rebellion of 2, 500 samurai, it followed a general pattern of samurai protest. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/figures-and-events-in-asian-history-s2-3896549. Author: Mounsey, Augustus Henry. On September 24, 1877, at 3:45 am, the Emperor's army launched its final assault in what is known as the Battle of Shiroyama. In all, about 12,000 Satsuma men marched north toward Tokyo, starting the Southwest War, or Satsuma Rebellion . ISBN-10: 0341798762. ISBN-10: 1142113523. After receiving reinforcements, the imperial force, now totaling 4,000 men, attacked the rear elements of the Satsuma army and drove them back. Saig resigned from all of his government positions in protest and returned to his hometown of Kagoshima. Surely no conscript army of peasants could fight like the samurai! Saig was a strong proponent of war with Korea in the Seikanron debate of 1873. Marching north, his army was hampered by the deepest snowfall Satsuma had seen in more than 50 years, which, because of the similarity to the weather that had greeted those setting out to enact the Meiji Restoration nine years earlier, was interpreted by some as a sign of divine support.[3]. Japanese samurai (18281877) who led the Satsuma Rebellion. There were two "regiments" of line cavalry and one "regiment" of imperial guard cavalry. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. The Satsuma Rebellion - Free ebook download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read book online for free. In the meantime, on March 9 Saig, Kirino, and Shinohara were stripped of their court ranks and titles.[3]. }, Page last modified: Saigo Takamori of Japan is known as the Last Samurai, who lived from 1828 to 1877 and is remembered to this day as the epitome of bushido, the samurai code. During war a company's strength was to be increased to 240 privates. Complete Chronicle of the Subjugation of Kagoshima: Illustration of Government Forces Attacking Miyazaki, Illustration of the Rebels Being Suppressed at Kagoshima, October 4, 1877. Founded by a saint named "Birbhan" in 1657 in Narnaul in Haryana. RF HA13E4 - The donjon or central keep of the castle is a reconstruction built in the 1970s of the original sacked and burned during the AD.1877 Satsuma rebellion RM P3P0W0 - Battle of Seinan (1877)from Dainihon Rekishi Nishikie, published between late Edo and early Meiji period, Artist Yoshusai (Toyohara) Chikanobu, Private Collection. 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